Reading notes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading notes - Article Example For instance, doctors and lawyers do have diversified codes that suit their fields, but a professor from a business school tends to embrace the claim by Milton Friedman that maximization of profits is the major responsibility or intention of any business. The third outcome of learning is the revelation that there are clear-cut differences between medicine and practicing management. They argue that there is no professional body that is self-regulating and has the chance to monopolize anyone’s entry into the profession. The verbatim phrase from the book is as below stated; More so, it has revealed that it is not necessary for leaders or individuals to have an MBA to be successful leaders in the society. A good example is Bill Gates who has several doodles without any formal training in the same field or related field. The sentence from the book in verbatim is: â€Å"The value of the MBA is that one has successfully completed the rigorous and formal process of learning the critical and analytical thinking required of

Subject Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Subject Knowledge - Essay Example me that because the cover letter not only lends a more professional touch to the resume, but also makes it more convenient for the employer to imagine the skills and capability of thee candidate for the job. The third change I made was removing the objective. It made little sense to put the statement of objective when the objective is otherwise quite obvious to every employer who gets his/her hands at my resume. The fourth change I made was removing the list of subjects I had studied in my graduation. Unnecessary details don’t impress the employers. They set the impression that the candidate did not have much to discuss in the resume so he/she has discussed the unnecessary. The fifth change I made was reorganizing the content. I changed the achievements to the reverse chronological order to show the latest achievements at the top and the oldest at the bottom. This was done with the intention to facilitate the employers in knowing my latest

The Government’s Respect Agenda

The Government’s Respect Agenda The current position The â€Å"respect agenda† emerged as a broad idea during the 2005 general election campaign. Tony Blair coined it as being about: â€Å"†¦putting the law-abiding majority back in charge of their local communities†¦.[how we] bring back a proper sense of respect in our schools, in our communities, in our towns and in our villages.†[1] A culmination of what has now been deemed as being â€Å"anti social behaviour† such as binge drinking, an increase in prostitution and vandalism as well as a rapid increase in low-level crime, the respect agenda was aimed at community spirit. Backing the proposals with an increase in police and local authority power to deal with families who â€Å"blight† communities with unacceptable behaviour emphasised one of its key principles as the importance of rebalancing the criminal justice system to benefit victims Supporters of the scheme have claimed that it focuses on low-level aggravation and so enables the community to maintain the traditional â€Å"neighbourhood watchdog† element that has almost disappeared from the streets of Britain. Complementing the respect agenda are other proposals such as a â€Å"Face the People† scheme where community meetings will be held to allow residents to hold officials exponible for community safety issues and to voice their concerns on community matters. The idea of respect within the anti-social behaviour agenda has also meant that the net has been able to be cast wider with further goals including the creation of a â€Å"task force† to clamp down on school discipline. Teachers and schools will be able to apply for parenting orders where a child’s behaviour requires it and local authorities being able to do designate housing or community safety officers to do the same.[2] Criticisms and legislative proposals As a whole the scheme has received criticism for, at best, being vague and at worst for being a clever PR slogan with nothing behind it.[3] Opposing the scheme some have said that it will not work unless the amount of police officers patrolling the streets increases in order to enforce the scheme’s proposals. Procedurally, Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and Football Banning Orders have been criticised as being are two key examples of ‘Hybrid Law’, imposed as a response to criminal conduct, supported by criminal law sanctions, but operating under a civil law procedure providing fewer protections for defendants. These hybrid orders have the power to severely restrict the freedom of individuals, who have not been found guilty of any criminal offence. [4] Encouraging its use and claiming that local authorities do not use them sufficiently frequently[5] the ASBO was introduced by s 1 of the Crime and Disorder Act, 1998, generated heated debate at its inception and this intensified since its subsequent development.[6] Criticisms have also been levelled by a wide variety of organisations, but particularly by those involved with children, concerned over the increased powers schools will have in obtaining â€Å"parenting orders† as well as expressing concern over the way the homeless will now be treated. The Government has not only sought to rebut these criticisms, but has encouraged and facilitated the use of anti-social behaviour measures, as an active part of the respect agenda. Will the agenda make a difference? Contrary to this, huge support has been heard as the matters involved in the respect agenda mean that responsibility of penalising the â€Å"culprits† is at a community level rather than at an institutional one at the courts. This would ease the workload on the courts and also make way for more serious crimes rather than seeing that the low-level offences make their way through the criminal justice system swiftly. As the backbone of the proposal is a reform in granting certain powers and with that is the advancement of the use of the notorious ASBO. But with the intension of serving more ASBOs means that more of them are likely to be breached with statistics showing that currently one in four ASBOs are breached.[7]. This has meant that those who work in the criminal justice system have their doubts as to the performance of the scheme; saying that jailing people solely for breaching an ASBO seems extreme, especially if the reasons for the breach have not, in themselves, been ad dressed such as a drug, alcohol addiction or prostitution.[8] Although there has been speculation as to whether the attempted â€Å"control† of behaviour through the use of ASBOs is still hotly debated; a good indication of the working of such a scheme can be noted in society’s changing attitude toward anti-social behaviour as a whole. Drink driving was once common place but is now regarded as unacceptable by most people. This change in outlook can be said to lead back to the massive publicity campaign coupled with sanctions.[9] But once again evidence serves to the contrary using the examples of the increased use of cannabis as well as the increase in sexually transmitted diseases. Which both, despite long-standing advertising campaigns, have become increasingly widespread, with the likes of certain STIs on the increase and increased cannabis use saw the government reclassify cannabis to make its use and possession a less serious offence. The Human Rights issue Some writers, especially lawyers, have concentrated on the procedural aspects of on the main elements of the proposals and the manner in which â€Å"unruly behaviour† will be dealt with – via the use of ASBOs, criticising by considering whether the government strategy is consistent with its own human rights legislation.[10] Most controversially, the scheme has also proposed to go beyond the ambit of crime and is offering what has been coined as a â€Å"shut and seal† power. A new house closure order which would lead to people deemed guilty of causing serious nuisance to others being excluded from their own homes for three months, even if they own the properties. JUSTICE,[11] has expressed its concerns over the manner in which an ASBOs may be obtained and how procedural issues in dong so are likely to encroached on human rights. Using the case of McCann[12] where the House of Lords accepted that proceedings to obtain an ASBO in accordance with section 1 of the Crime and Disorders Act, 1998 the classification of ASBO proceedings as being civil would mean that hearsay evidence would be used in all cases, even where there is no indication of witness intimidation. Expressing it’s understating of the Government’s motivation was a perception that victims of anti-social behaviour have in the past been too fearful to come forward and give evidence. But still raised concern over its unnecessary restriction the right to a fair trial; adding to their argument that this is particularly so, now that the Criminal Justice Act, 2003 has relaxed the hearsay rule to allow courts to accept such evidence in individual cases where there is a demonst rated problem of witness fear or intimidation. Jeopardising civil liberties Police powers, under the agenda, have meant that greater powers have been granted to them concerning the dispersal of groups, even when there has been no bad behaviour. This unnecessary restriction on civil liberties will potentially result in a loss of respect for the police, and the law generally, amongst the groups singled out for attention (including blanket curfew imposed on people less than 16 years of age). This should be narrowed, in that only those groups where there is evidence of actual anti-social behaviour should there then be power for the police to order that people leave the area. So if the police believe that a certain area is especially affected then they can award themselves extra powers to deal with that location in particular. Not only are these extra powers likely to create unfounded discrimination against certain groups in society but will also confuse the police as to their powers and the public as to their rights. Further criticism of the use of the ASBO in preventing anti-social behaviour is that they contain prohibitions that are too wide in scope and infringe the rights of the recipient, making breach of orders very likely.[13] Parent power – Knowing what’s best? With regards to parenting orders and increased powers allocated to school when dealing with unruly pupills, literature has critisisied this for removing young people’s right to automotny.[14] Yet at a time when the government is emphasising parents duty to produce good moral citizens, a degree of confusion about the limits of parents power is perhaps understandable. Conflicting social norms prevent parents from controlling their childrens lives, while at the same time requiring them to take responsibility for their childrens moral education and to be accountable for their childrens actions and decisions. Parents may well wonder at societys expectations of them in seeking to find the balance.[15] Impact of the interest group and supporting organisations Defining â€Å"anti-social behaviour† The meaning of the term â€Å"anti social behaviour† is wide and so problematic in its definition. As different people associate different behaviour as constituted anti-social behaviour there are certain groups at more risk than others to be unjustly swept into its categorisation. So, the wide definition of anti-social behaviour has the potential to discriminate against those from ethnic minority populations, travellers and those who simply choose an alternative lifestyle. Another main concern is that the older members of society who believe that young people are predominately anti-social means that community ties may be jeopardised as well as community relations. The risk of unnecessary over policing of young people and perhaps the unnecessary criminalisation of (what to some may be perceived as being anti-social) activities may also be prejudicial to young people’s perception of the police and be detrimental to future associations between the two groups. With the majo rity of ASBO applications being made against persons under the age of 21[16] is seems that the creation of this tension would be extremely likely. How long is the punishment? JUSTICE has expressed concern over the duration of which an ASBO can be granted. ASBOs can be served against children as young as 10. The only criteria that the magistrate must use in deciding to impose the order is that the individual has behaved in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress. Breaching the conditions of an ASBO is a criminal offence, punishable by up to five years in prison. This means that individuals are being sent to prison for committing acts which are not in themselves illegal.As has already been discussed the conditions impose through an ASBO may be wide so warranting a likelihood of breach yet the punishment may not necessarily constitute the level of the breach committed. An ASBO may only be imposed for the minimum of two years, and an application to discharge an ASBO lasting more than this duration may only be made after the first two years of it have passed. The granting of an ASBO is intended to prevent future anti-social behaviour. But a two year period in a young person or adolescent’s life is a long period of time, in which as a teenager much can change.[17] JUSTICE argues that a duration as long as this is unnecessary and in part may be detrimental in the development of children into adults. Curbing what some would see as â€Å"anti-social behaviour† which may have only lasted a short period of time if allowed to â€Å"run its course† may now be drawn out over a longer period of time as part of the young person rebellion. The example given by JUSTICE is that if a young person of 15 is given an ASBO including the ban on entering a town centre, 18 months on, the now mature 17 year old may miss out on offers of employment if s till unable to entering the town centre.[18] Controversially, it has been suggested that this matter will affect children much younger than those suggested by JUSTICE in that the respect agenda is leading to a generation of children being demonised because too many are being given anti-social behaviour orders. Prof Rod Morgan, the chairman of the Youth Justice Board, says some children as young as 10 are being labelled with the mark of Cain on their foreheads because of a misplaced hysteria over teenage crime.[19] The wide spread of restrictions such as ASBOS in an attempt to â€Å"clamp down† on anti-social behaviour means that perfectly lawful activities can become criminalised through the use of an ASBO, such as children playing on the street. The fact that anti social behaviour must cause or â€Å"be likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress† should be better defined and narrowed to incorporate an objective element and a need for actual harassment.[20] Ignoring the root of the problem Whilst the civil liberties organisation Liberty[21] is concerned that children and vulnerable people who need help and support are being served with ASBOs fearing that this will create greater problems for those individuals and their roles in society. Liberty argues that if individuals are committing crimes of intimidation or harassment, then the criminal law should be used to tackle their behaviour. Concluding A suggestion for the way in which anti social behaviour may be prevented by non criminal justice means has been initiated in the respect agenda. The agenda proposes to rekindle a sense of solidarity in the community building bridges between neighbours and creating community relations. Due to this there is great scope for the use of alternative dispute resolution techniques, neighbourhood mediation and restorative justice responses. This would directly involve the communities that may have once been, or are risk of being affected by anti-social behaviour be it by young people or not. These methods would also avoid the need for a corrective criminal justice response. It would also aid in preventing the behaviour before it escalates; solving the problem rather than punishing people or removing them from their homes. At present the ASBO does not appear to be working as an efficient mechanism in the fight against anti-social behaviour. Be this because the restrictive conditions of ASBOs are frequently breached, and this can lead too easily to the further criminalisation of children and young people and (in many cases) to incarceration[22] or the more controversial fact that the frequency to which ASBOs are granted the stigma behind them has disappeared, with many young people penalised by one considering it to be a â€Å"badge† of their disorderly behaviour. At a national level, criticisms relating to the lack of fairness in the use of ASBOs need to be addressed and urgently if the ASBO is to retain any weight in society.[23] Charities have suggested that more funds should be granted to voluntary organisations and youth groups in order for young people to channel their abilities into productive activities.[24] A strong argument for this suggestion is that youth groups, activity organisations and extra-curricular centres where children and young people could attend on a voluntary basis be created. The organisations could work hand in hand with schools and maintain feedback as to the progression of the young person’s development, enabling the young person to be proactive and productive and so prevent anti-social behaviour in the long term and boredom (which may result in this) in the short term. This would also prevent the need for schools to initiate the need for parenting orders if they felt that a child’s behaviour was likely to benefit from these types of activities. Obviously, statistics are not needed to understand that anti-social behaviour and low-level crime are affecting communities at both ends of the UK and rapidly seems to have become a mounting problem. But this combined with the fact that parenting skills are being blamed and children and young people are having their freedom of association as well as their civil liberties encroached upon is all but likely to break down community ties and encourage bad behaviour further. But by creating a parallel civil system of justice where the definition of anti-social behaviour is extremely broad means that non-criminal activity, is in effect, being made criminal by the imposition of an order as a result of non-criminal proceedings. In a country that respects the rule of law – is it necessary for an order to cater for the crimination of behaviour?[25] What is obvious is that the ASBO appears to be a bandage over a gaping wound. The matters behind the granting of an ASBO and other remedial p roposals set out in the respect agenda such as lack of parenting skills and discipline, teenage binge drinking, drug and alcohol addiction, unruly pupils and lack of adequate discipline in schools and prostitution are not even marginally being addressed. Aggravating this with an increase in powers for authorities such as councils, schools and police and lack of community ties and neighbourhood schemes those who are in need of help are more likely to be punished before the true problem is addressed. Reference list Bright, S. Eviction for Anti-Social Behaviour. 2006. Conv. 2006, JAN/FEB, 85-91 Burney, E. Talking Tough, Acting Coy: What Happened to the Anti-Social Behaviour Order? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 41,Number 5, December 2002, pp. 469-484(16) Collins, D.M. Tenant Liability for Nuisance Children. J. P. L. 2007, May, 669 – 674 Guthrie, T. Anti Social Behaviour Legislation. 2006. S.L.T. 2006, 16, 103 Hall, A. Children’s Rights, Parent’s Wishes and the State: Medical Treatment of Children. Fam Law 36 (317) 2006 Hopkins Burke, R Morrill, Anti-Social Behaviour Orders: an Infringement of the Human Rights Act 1998? R. (2002) 11 Nottingham L.J. Koffman, L. The Use of Anti-social Behaviour Orders: An Empirical Study of a New Deal for Communities Area. 2006. Crim. L.R. 2006, JUL, 593-613 Matthews, R. Policing Prostitution: Ten Years on. November 2005. 45 Brit. J. Criminology 877 Robins, J. Focus Police: Serve and Protect. (2006) LS Gaz, 9 Mar, 20 Robson, G. Community Justice Centres Part 1: A Political Agenda with Possibilities? (2006) 170 JPN 584 5 August 2006 Thomas, D.A. Sentencing: Anti-Social behaviour orders on conviction. 2006. Crim. L.R. 2006, JUN, 569-572 Case Comment: Anti-Social Behaviour. Knowsley Housing Trust v McMullen [2006] EWCA Civ 539; [2006] H.L.R. 43 (CA (Civ Div)) L. T. Review 2006, 10(4), D61-62 [1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4597378.stm (Wednesday, 11 January 2006, 08:53 GMT) [2] Op cit [3] I bid 1 [4] R. Hopkins Burke and R. Morrill, Anti-Social Behaviour Orders: an Infringement of the Human Rights Act 1998? (2002) 11 Nottingham L.J. [5] Burney, E. Talking Tough, Acting Coy: What Happened to the Anti-Social Behaviour Order? [6] Hopkins Burke, R Morrill, Anti-Social Behaviour Orders: an Infringement of the Human Rights Act 1998? [7] Koffman, L. The Use of Anti-social Behaviour Orders: An Empirical Study of a New Deal for Communities Area [8] http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/public/article697842.ece [9] I bid 1 [10] I bid 6 [11] As per report via http://www.justice.org.uk/ [12] R. (on the application of McCann v Manchester Crown Court. [2002] UKHL 39 [13] I bid 6 [14] Hall, A. Children’s Rights, Parent’s Wishes and the State: Medical Treatment of Children. [15] Op cit [16] As per statistics included in Koffman, L. The Use of Anti-social Behaviour Orders: An Empirical Study of a New Deal for Communities Area as sourced from S. Campbell, A Review of Anti-social Behaviour Orders, Home Office Research Study 236 (Home Office, 2002), at p.8. [17] As per Memorandum submitted by JUSTICE: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhaff/80ii/80we24.htm [18] Op cit at para 10 [19] Daily Telegraph, 24 April 2006, [20] I bid 17 at para 16 [21] http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/ [22] In accordance with the proposals set out by the respect agenda: referring to the campaigns use of refer to this campaigns use of simple, populist language, justifying tough enforcement. [23] I bid 7 [24] I bid 20 [25] I bid 17 at para 19

Comparing Advertisements by Garnier and Neutrogena Essay -- Adverts, C

We are surrounded by advertisements which be found on the television, radio, newspapers, magazines, street hoardings, taxis, buses and through the post. Everything we purchase or watch is advertised. This is a technique used to persuade people to buy their products. Companies use the power of persuasion to lure their target audience into buying the product being promoted. Advertisements are used to make the audience believe they need the product being marketed. Some advertisements are more successful than others and I intend to investigate why, using two examples which promote skin cleansers one by Garnier and the other by Neutrogena. The first advertisement I will anatomise is the Garnier. The Garnier advertisement takes up an A4 page in a magazine. The main picture takes up approximately 60 percent of the page which makes it stand out and shows it is an important ingredient to making the advertisement efficacious. The main picture is split up again but it is not a 50/50 split it is more like 40/60. The smaller picture shows the girl applying the product to her face and the larger picture shows the outcome of using the merchandise. The picture of the product application is smaller as it does not show you how well the product works or what the end result is which is most important. The larger section is of the girl after application, the girl is very beautiful with clear skin, and this may make the target audience want to buy the product because they have the aspiration to have the perfect skin she does. On the picture in white writing is "GENTLY CLEASNSES PORES DEEP DOWN." "LOOK, THERE'S NOTHING TO SEE." it is divided on the two ... ... preferred the Garnier; the reason is it is straight to the point and aesthetically pleasing it is very fresh and informative without the need for a whole chunk of text explaining who uses it, the product speaks for itself. The reason I disliked the Neutrogena advertisement is that its too busy and also it has too much text which will not appeal to its target audience as most teenager do not pay attention to the text on advertisements. At first glance the Neutrogena looks like an article and once read tells you about the life of a dancer which will not really interest many people, even though the point is that the pore range is quick and easy to use there is no need to explain the history of the users life. Therefore to conclude my essay I came to find the Garnier advertisement is a better campaign than the Neutrogena.

An Online Business Expansion Proposal Essay

Dancy’s Fancy Butter is a local, singly owned and operated butter/spread. This business is located in Jacksonville Michigan. The operation started out from a simple request from a friend who wanted to buy the Garlic butter for a party. It was then that Anna Dancy realized the family and friend’s favorite dinner addition was a possible money making venture. The actual business side was at first a bit taunting. Anna had never run her own business, nor had she worked in food service or distributing food. There was a lot to learn that went way beyond the product. She purchased a mobile kitchen unit, and started creating her butter spreads. It was not long before the Health inspector paid her a visit. She was fortunate that she was giving solid advice as to how to move forward with rules in running a food service business. The holdup was minimal and it gave her time to actually prepare for bring her product to a larger customer base then family and friends. Farmer’s markets are the primary selling place for Dancy Fancy Butter. The product is made and kept preserved in the mobile kitchen, and then Anna and family helpers travel thought out the Jacksonville region setting up at Farmers Markets. It has been a great success. Now that she has a year under her belt, and with family and friends living outside of Jacksonville and the state of Michigan Anna Dancy had decided that she wants to explore expanding her internet presences and move into selling and shipping her product to a wider market. The advantages in today’s market for placing access to your product and services online are numerous. For Dancy Fancy Butter being online will open up an opportunity for a larger population to see the products offered. There is an international customer base available into Canada with the location of the company in Michigan. The possible challenges to building an online presence for this company will be assuring there is up-keep for everything from the website through the social media outlets. The online presence is bound to bring in more clients, the significance will be made clear and the management of the online environment will align with the overall goal to be successful in this endeavor. Current Online Competition The online completers that come up in a basic search for butter, butter spread and organic are, Home Earth Balance (http://www.earthbalancenatural.com/), Melt Up! (http://www.meltdirectnow.com/), and Bryanna’s Vegan Butter (http://vegan.com/recipes/bryanna-clark-grogan/bryannas-vegan-butter/). Earth Balance is an off shoot of the Smart Balance products whose parent company is GFA Brands, Inc. so even though this is an natural butter spread, it is still a part of a large company. The website is well organized, and has several appealing features such as a Recipe section and Kitchen Tips. There is not a ecommerce or shopping cart, so the product is only available in stores. The next company Melt Up! is an organic butter spread. The website is very basic. It does have a shopping cart and ecommerce. The site offers a newsletter and runs and RSS syndication on its front page. This sight is a good set up if you are familiar with the product. The third website like or close as a competitor is Bryanna’s Vegan butter. This site is connected to Vegan.com (http://vegan.com). It is more of a blog site. If the site does allow you to buy products, however it takes you off to Amazon to complete your purchase. This websites do have similar products as Dancy Fancy butter, however they are not homegrown, home town products. The advantage to Dancy Fancy butter is it will carry a local feel to all who visit the website. Online Marketing Suggestions and Strategies Three online strategies that are planned for the rolling out Dancy Fancy Butter online expansion will be an email campaign, a Facebook group for the company and third will be content strategy of building Cooking Tips videos for the website.

School types and service delivery education essay

The modern school system of Sri-Lanka has its beginnings during the British colonial disposal. Schools were started by the denominational organic structures for the intent of proselytization. Later the authorities besides established schools for the instruction of the kids. The authorities schools provided direction in the national linguistic communications and there were besides bi-lingual schools ( common school ) where English was besides used. This created a double system of schools, authorities schools and denominational schools. There was besides another sort of dichotomy in that some of the denominational schools imparted English medium instruction bear downing fees from pupils which created an elitist group of schools as against the common schools supplying free instruction. As a consequence of the authorities, denominational organic structures, private organisations and persons set uping schools at that place was no planning in the location of schools. The grant of free instruction with the execution of Special Committee recommendations under the stewardship of Dr. C.W.W. Kannangara in 1945 and the return over of schools in 1960 reduced some of the unfairnesss that existed in the school system. During the last 50 old ages some grade of rationalisation has been achieved. But still there are broad differences and deficiency of uniformity in the school system.School Types and Service DeliveryAt present Sri- Lanka has a 13 twelvemonth span of schooling. Schools are classified on the footing of the educational phases available in the school and besides taking into consideration the class watercourse offered at senior secondary degree. The schools are classified by type as follows: Type 111 Schools: – Primary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 5 Type 11 Schools: – Junior schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 11 1C Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to 13 with lone Humanistic disciplines and Commerce watercourses at G.C.E. A.L 1AB Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to Rate 13 with all 4 watercourses at G.C.E.A.L In finding the construction of the school system, one has to see the economic sciences of educational proviso. With the demographic passage, migration to urban countries and the growing of private schools, the registration of pupils in authorities schools is worsening and the figure of little schools has increased. The following table gives the distribution of authorities schools by size.Table – Government Schools by Type and Size of Student PopulationTypeSize1AB1C23Entire& lt ; 50–01 198 1334 1533 51- 100–05 611 787 1403 101 – 200–66 1419 459 1934 201 – 500 08 660 1620 183 2439 501 – 1000 106 826 295 112 1339 1001- 1500 162 256 45 28 491 1501 – 2000 142 49 08 06 205 & gt ; 2000 263 20 08 01 292 Entire 681 1883 4204 2910 9678Beginning: School Census 2007About one tierce of the schools have an registration of less than 100 students on axial rotation while there are 292 schools with over 2000 students. The little schools are disadvantaged in many facets. Dearth of physical and human resources, hapless place background of students, deficiency of community support, unavailability to modern influences such as the media are factors which compromise the rule of equity enshrined in the Constitution. Equity in instruction starts with just entree to schooling. The Education Sector Development Framework and Programme of the Ministry of Education emphasizes, guaranting equity by enabling all kids to hold entree, to take part in and complete BASIC and secondary instruction. In order to guarantee just entree to primary instruction, the authorities has established a widely scattered web of schools throughout to state.Number of Government Schools by Functional Grade Span, 2006Grade 1-5Grade 1-8Grade 1-11Grade 1-13Grade 6-11Grade 6-13Entire2486 490 4199 2213 27 299 9714Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe policy of the authorities is to supply a primary school within 2 kilometers to every kid of the age scope 5 to 9 old ages and a secondary school within 4 kilometers to every kid of 10 to 16 age scope. Because of this policy a figure of schools with little categories are seen particularly in distant countries.Number of Government Schools by Size of Student Population, 2006Number / Percentage of School with& lt ; 50 Students51-100 Students101-200 Students201-500 Students501-1000Students1001-2500 Students& gt ; 2500 StudentsEntire1,549 1,392 1,966 2,514 1,340 817 136 9,714 16.0 % 14.3 % 20.2 % 25.9 % 13.8 % 8.4 % 1.4 % 100.0 %Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe definition of a little school at nowadays is based on the exclusive standard of registration of pupils. Harmonizing to this standard a school holding less than 100 pupils is considered to be a little school. Under the programme â€Å" Rationalization of School Network † , in 1996, 356 little schools were reported to hold been closed, as they were presumed to be wasteful. The two chief standards for shutting schools were: Minimal registration ; and Availability of alternate educational installations within a prescribed distance. Low pupil registration was a characteristic of around 80 % of the schools that were closed. The research surveies have discovered some major grounds for the diminution in pupil registration in these schools. They are: The handiness of ‘better ‘ schools in the local environment and the aspirations of parents to direct their kids to these schools, if their household resources permitted it ( a ) the hapless direction of these little schools by Principals and the hapless quality instruction ( B ) the indifference of instruction functionaries, Principals and community leaders towards the public assistance and promotion of the kids in little schools and the attendant impairment of the quality of instruction provided in them The little schools are found tucked off in distant rural pockets, among the hills in the plantations, in new colony countries along the seashore and in the thick of overcrowded urban homes, sometimes in the shadow of popular schools. These schools add up to about 3000 which is about one tierce of the entire figure of schools providing to primary school kids. These schools cater chiefly to kids of the poorest of the hapless. They have been neglected and forgotten and the parents of these schools are less demanding and prone to accept their batch. Inadequate resources portray the disregard and deficiency of concern. The stray nature of the little schools, unequal grasp of any good work done and deficiency of supervisory and consultative aid are issues in developing these schools. Small schools have to be reviewed in the context of their scenes and entirety of the job. The many-sided nature of the job calls for a many-sided attack. While acknowledging the demand to go on with little schools where there is a existent demand and presuming that rationalisation may take to the dropout of students, at least in countries where schooling installations are available within a sensible distance, some grade of rationalisation can be accomplished. Education Sector Development Framework and Programme ( MOE, 2006 ) analyses the wastage incurred by little schools. Harmonizing to School Census, there are 258 schools with less than 15 students with a instructor student ratio of 1: 04, 717 schools with less than 25 students with a ratio of 1: 07 and 1525 schools with less than 50 students with a ratio of 1: 11. It has to be noted that when the figure of students is less, the quality of instruction imparted in such schools is besides hapless. In order to run into this state of affairs a strategy of grouping schools in a geographical country as a school household should be explored. There is besides the issue of National Schools which are managed by the Central Ministry of Education. There are no recognized standards for upgrading a school to a degree of a National School. Of the 329 national schools at present, really few conform to the criterions laid down originally for placing national schools. The standard that would warrant a school to be a National School should be the fact that kids from all over the state are admitted to that school, that it is an all island school. Admission to such schools should entirely be on virtue. There can non be a primary subdivision in a National School as admittances to primary categories are done on the footing of the propinquity of the parent ‘s abode to the school. An extra standard would be the multi-ethnic composing of the school where kids of all communities are admitted and all three media are available which would advance national coherence. Sing the demand for advancing national integrity in the present context and the function instruction can play in advancing national harmoniousness, much idea should be given for the possibility of forming multiethnic schools in countries where the communities are multiethnic. In such schools all three linguistic communications can be used as media of direction and kids will turn up together as Sri -Lankans, while understanding their heritage and esteeming the civilization of other communities. Another issue is whether the authorities should hold a monopoly of instruction or in add-on to State proviso of instruction whether private-public partnerships should be encouraged. When the schools were taken over in 1960 merely a few class 1 schools remained as private and non fee-levying schools. There was a class of schools that were fee-levying and private, i.e. those who opted to maintain off from the free instruction strategy in 1951. Since 1980s, another class of private schools have sprung up and are known as â€Å" International Schools. † These schools are registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies and conflict the commissariats of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges ( Supplementary Provisions ) Act No. 8 of 1961 which stipulates that no individual other than the Director of Education can set up a school for kids between the ages of five and 14 old ages. Further, there is a misdemeanor of the Education Amendment Act of 1945 which stipulates that the primary instruction of kids should be provided in the female parent lingua ( Sinhala or Tamil ) . To acquire over these jobs, these schools have been registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies. Earlier these schools prepared kids for foreign scrutinies and direction was provided in the English medium. Now some of these schools are supplying classs based on the local course of study and the pupils sit t he local GCE ( O/L ) and ( A/L ) scrutinies as private campaigners. Some International Schools appear to supply instruction get downing from Early Childhood Care and Development Stage ( ECCD ) up to Advanced Level and Degree degree scrutinies. From the Primary Level the medium of direction is in English. The demand for popular schools is of all time increasing and the parents with moderate degrees of income, who fail to acknowledge their kids to such schools are compelled to acknowledge their kids to International Schools sing the advantage of larning English every bit good. One of the chief aims of instruction is to bring forth a Sri Lankan citizen with a common set of values. The NEC has proposed Common National Objectives for General Education. The schools established by private organisations with net income doing aims can non be expected to carry through the common aims proposed by the National Education Commission. Further, the deficiency of encouragement to larn history and national civilizations in the course of study lead to the production of persons who do non value and respect national heritage and civilization. These schools appear to be popular among certain sections of society as indicated from the rapid growing of the figure of schools. Accurate statistics of this class of schools are non available but approximative figure may be around 300. The chief attractive force to these schools is the instruction in English medium. However, most of these schools do non hold even the basic installations required for a school. Most categories are housed in residential premises and there is in sufficient infinite for kids in the schoolrooms and equal airing. Other installations for athleticss and excess curricular activities are minimum. Hence, there is a turning demand that these schools be regulated by the authorities. Another class of schools working with authorities aid are the schools supplying instruction for kids with particular demands. There are 25 Assisted Schools tally for kids with particular demands. The prevailing doctrine of particular instruction is inclusion. As these kids have to be integrated to normal society, MOE has started incorporating pupils with particular demands in normal categories. In order to point these kids to the normal school particular instruction units have been established in about 1000 schools. However, particular schools are necessary for kids with terrible disabilities.IssuesThe dichotomy of schools at the clip of independency was reduced by free instruction, displacement to national linguistic communications as the medium of direction and the cardinal school system, but the blazing disparity continues doing the policy of equal instruction chance a farce. The location of schools, peculiarly the secondary schools is non good distributed as it has been done in an unplanned manner and about all non authorities schools were located in urban countries. The imbrication of the terminology of the ‘types ‘ of schools and the attendant confusion in execution of policies and programmes. The marginalisation and the disregard of little schools which are the chief avenues of educational chance to kids of deprived households, to carry through their right to instruction. The present categorization of schools deficiencies lucidity as a effect of ad-hoc alterations over the old ages, choosing few schools and resourcing them while the hapless schools were farther neglected obliging the pupils rush to urban schools, doing the hapless schools poorer and little schools smaller. The increasing force per unit area on big popular schools in urban Centres which are undergoing uncontrolled enlargement to run into the demand ensuing in overcrowded categories where acquisition and instruction may non be effectual. Schools that have started with cultural or spiritual background want to keep the same position and individuality without altering to a multi-ethnic and multi spiritual schools. International schools which are non legal and run as concern organisations do non conform to the educational jurisprudence and do non carry through the common aims determined by the National Education Commission.ProposalsThe school should be an establishment that fulfils the right of every kid to quality instruction that aims at developing a common set of values that identifies him/her as a Sri Lankan with dedication to Motherland while esteeming one ‘s ain individuality.The authorities should set up a construction with two types of schools, viz. , primary schools holding Grades 1 to 5 and secondary schools with Grades 6 to 11 or 6 to 13.Management, facilitation and rating of all public schools should be the duty of the Provincial Department of Education. Categorization of schools by different names ( National, Navodya etc. , ) should be discontinued.Education Division should be the unit to form the web of primary and secondary schools. Each secondary school should hold at leas t 5 primary feeder schools. The figure of schools in a division should be determined by the figure of school traveling age kids in the Division.In countries where schools are far apart and student Numberss are low, primary schools may carry on categories up to Rate 9 for a fixed period of clip.In order to guarantee continuity of instruction, a kid who is finishing the primary degree should be assured of a secondary school.Small Schools, which serve the small town community demands, should be encouraged to go on by supplying them with necessary support to develop as educationally feasible establishments.All really hard and hard schools should be upgraded with both human and physical resources to supply a quality instruction to make the mark of educating all kids likewise.Mechanisms should be developed to oversee and supervise little schools in order to guarantee criterions and to take prompt remedial actions when necessary.Primary subdivision ( Grades 1-5 ) of all bing 1AB and 1C sch ools should be delinked by 2015 and map as primary schools.State should do available a primary school within a radius of 2km and a secondary school within a radius of 5km. All primary and secondary schools should supply equal resources to guarantee para and equality of the quality of instruction provided by them.All unregistered Private schools including International schools should be registered with the Provincial Departments of Education. They should be regulated with norms for appropriate physical environment, necessary makings of instructors, medium of direction and a course of study constituent related to National Heritage and kid ‘s faith issued by the Central Ministry of Education.All Private and International Schools should be capable to supervising by the Ministry of Education and Provincial Ministries of Education.All Private and International Schools should run as non-profit organisations and all net incomes obtained should be ploughed back to the development of th e school.All schools should follow a procedure of inclusive instruction for kids with particular instruction demands. However ‘Special Schools ‘ may go on for badly disabled kids who require particular intervention.Section 25 of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges Act No. 8 of 1961 should be amended to let the enrollment of private and international schools.School Calendar and School HoursThe school calendar for the twelvemonth is determined by the MOE and is unvarying for all schools. This is necessary because of the national vacations and the demand to co-occur school vacations with the scrutinies calendar. Suggestions have made that schools should hold holidaies taking into consideration the agriculture forms of the country as older school kids take portion in agricultural activities of the family. The provincial governments may be given the discretion to amend the school calendar to accommodate local demands without upseting the school vacations and public scr utinies. The figure of school yearss at present is about 200 a twelvemonth. School hours are 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary. In the past secondary schools had two Sessionss forenoon and afternoon with a tiffin interruption. This is desirable as pupils can take portion in extra-curricular activities without taking clip from academic Sessionss. However due to jobs in conveyance, supplying a mid twenty-four hours repast and long distance that kids have to go dual Sessionss are non executable.ProposalsThe minimal figure of school yearss must be 200 yearss a twelvemonth. The states should be given the discretion to make up one's mind on school footings taking into consideration the local demands.Classroom instruction clip per twenty-four hours should be 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary.Admission of Children to SchoolAdmission of kids to schools is an issue that has been the topic of argument at national degree. The job is that a certain class of parents resort to all sorts of artifices to acquire their kids admitted to the so called esteemed schools. Harmonizing to the current strategy of admittances propinquity of the abode of the parents play a major portion in the choice procedure and parents resort to deceitful patterns to turn out their abode. Children are trained to express prevarications and references near to these schools fetch really high monetary values in the belongings minutess some of which are fake minutess. Even after such intense competition the bulk of the parents fail to acquire their kids admitted to the school of their pick. As a consequence of influence mongering the figure of kids in the categories has increased to unwieldy Numberss even traveling beyond 50 in certain cases. It is impossible to implement activity based, kid centred course of study in such big categories. It is non desirable to follow any assessment standards at this degree for choice of pupils. In higher categories merit as found through an a ssessment procedure can be used for choice of pupils. Committees appointed to look in to this job have come out with assorted recommendations. Some of these are making off with primary subdivisions of esteemed schools or utilizing random choice procedures. However, the really influential yesteryear student anterooms have vitiated all these moves.ProposalsAdmission of Children to SchoolAdmission to Rate 1Childs who complete 5 old ages of age by 31st January of the twelvemonth of admittance should be admitted to Rate 1.Admission to Rate 1 should be chiefly on the footing of propinquity to the school from the abode of the parents.The maximal figure of students admitted to a category on the above footing should be 35.Children should non be subjected to any kind of proving or rating for the intent of admittance to Rate 1.

Discuss the nature of the relationship between Essay Example

Discuss the nature of the relationship between Essay Example Discuss the nature of the relationship between Essay Discuss the nature of the relationship between Essay Discuss the nature of the relationship between cultural policy and national individuality. Introduction Culture is the whole of the manner of life of a given society and includes the thoughts and wonts which they learn and which are transmitted from one coevals to another ( Linton, 1945 ) . Human behavior is based on guidelines that are shared by a group and in order for that group/society to work efficaciously the guidelines must use to all its members. Thus civilization is learned and shared and without it members of a society would be unable to pass on efficaciously and pandemonium would ensue. Cultural policy relates to the cultural capital of a state, its humanistic disciplines and memorials etc. Since the Conservative Government came to power in the late 19 1970ss Britain has had a continually shifting cultural policy. Some observers argued in the early 19990s that the elitist intensions associated with cultural policy were going less apparent in Britain. The coming of New Labour and their statute law sing cultural policy, nevertheless, may look to be a return to elitist cultural policy. The construct of individuality is highly of import in sociological thought. In Britain, for illustration, societal category was frequently seen as cardinal to a person’s thought of who they were and Bordieu’s work on cultural capital tends to back up this position. Constructions of individuality are besides closely linked to civilization and people’s individualities are reflected in the civilizations and sub-cultures to which they belong. Therefore Willis’ ( 1967 in Haralambos and Holborn, 2000 ) work put forth the position that working category young person had developed their ain sub-cultures with the instruction system. Modern theories of civilization tend to back up the position that individuality and civilization are really closely linked. British people would, for illustration, tend to hold a really clear sense of what it might intend to be British. Post-modernist minds have criticised this position because they argue that the multi-cultural nature o f modern-day Britain indicate that the ways in which people express their Britishness are rather diverse. Frosh ( 1999 ) maintains that although individuality draws on civilization there are besides a figure of other factors at work in individuality formation. Recent sociological and psychological theory has stressed that a person’s individuality is in fact something multiple and potentially unstable, constructed through experience and linguistically coded. In developing their individualities people draw upon culturally available resources in their immediate societal webs and in society as a whole. The procedure of individuality building is hence one upon which the contradictions and temperaments of the environing socio-cultural environment have a profound impact( Frosh, 1999:413 ) . This paper will look into the alterations in cultural policy in Britain. It will get down with theories of civilization and recent cultural policy. It will so look at positions on national individuality and discourse the relationship between cultural policy and national individuality. Theories of civilization British cultural policy has its roots in the 19th century when the businessperson elite were deriving power and there was general concern over turning unrest among the working categories. It was at this clip that a big organic structure of work grew up to set up the nature of civilization and what was culturally acceptable and what was non. A shared civilization and a shared belief system are necessary if a society is traveling to run swimmingly, it has power over the picks of persons and operates to restrain their behavior ( Durkheim, 1961 foremost published 1912 cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2000 ) . Durkheim believed that societies were possessed of a corporate scruples which connected consecutive coevalss together and those who do non conform are punished by society. The rapid alterations that take topographic point in industrial societies place them under menace and a shared civilization needs to be reinforced in order to back up society. Parsons ( 1955 ) maintained that civi lization was passed on to consecutive coevalss through the socialization procedure. Culture can alter but most people in a given civilization must portion most of its values or that society will fall in. Contemporary civilizations are, nevertheless, really different and it may non be the instance that people feel the demand for a shared civilization, or that society would fall apart without it. Marx’s work concentrated on category stratification and he argued that in category stratified societies civilization was, in fact, a contemplation of the political orientation of the opinion categories. Culture is shaped by category to such an extent that governing category political orientation becomes the dominant political orientation ( Abercrombie et al, 1983 ) . Marx, and his co-worker Engels, believed that finally the civilization of society would alter through the development of consciousness by the on the job category who would come to see the falsity of the dominant political orientation. Marx’s statement has been extremely influential in theories of civilization but Numberss of minds have pointed to its failings. Storey ( 1993 cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2000 ) has argued that the alterations that came with the Industrial Revolution led to concerns that better facets of civilization were being undermined. The outgrowth of other categories was a beginning of concern because the industrial working category was able to develop: †¦an independent civilization at some remove from the direct intercession of the dominant categories. Industrialization and urbanization had redrawn the cultural boundaries. No longer was there a shared common civilization, with an extra civilization of the powerful. Now for the first clip in history there was a separate civilization of the subsidiary categories of the urban and industrial Centres( Storey, 1993:20-21 ) . Matthew Arnold ( 1822-1888 ) maintained that civilization was the survey of flawlessness but in 19th century England people were going excessively mercenary and excessively interested in the new machinery and the production of goods. He was concerned about the fact that civilization was going confused with material wealth. Peoples would develop their humanity through the acquisition of cognition and reading literature and poesy in this manner people could develop society. Arnold maintained that the key to going cultured was larning to read and reading the right sort of stuff. The turning ‘popular’ civilization and reading stuff of the urban working category was non cultured and Arnold saw them as a unsafe group, therefore he warned that there was a, †¦organic structure of work forces, all over the country†¦beginning to asseverate and set in pattern an Englishman’s right to make what he likes ; his right to process where he likes, run into where he likes, enter where he likes, hoot as he likes, threaten as he likes, knock as he likes( Arnold, 1960:76 foremost published in 1869 ) . The working categories needed educating in order to go civilized and to be a constructive instead than a destructive force in society. Story ( 1993 ) has argued that Arnold’s concern was less with civilization and more about maintaining people in their topographic point and keeping order. Arnold had an elietist position of civilization which has been progressively challenged in recent old ages. Thompson ( 1963 cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2000 ) has argued that during the industrial revolution working category civilization was non destructive but originative and as worthy of note as the civilization of the higher elect categories. More late the accent has been on what has come to be known as mass civilization. Theories of mass civilization developed in America in the work of theoreticians such as Macdonald ( 1957 ) . Macdonald saw aggregate civilization as a menace to high civilization and capable of making a totalitarian society. The thought that aggregate civilization was harmful has been attacked by Shils ( 1978 ) he did non see mass civilization as peculiarly worthy of note but thought it preferred to the harsh being that the working category had antecedently experienced. Contemporary theoreticians of civilization criticise the impression that one signifier of civilization is superior to another. Strinati ( 1995 ) maintains that what was one time seen as aggregate civilization may, over clip, come to be seen as serious art. Mass civilization, he argues, gives people a pick with respect to art, music, and books and this undermines the power of intellectuals over what constitutes good gustatory sensation. St rinati is of the sentiment that unfavorable judgments of aggregate civilization consequences from intellectuals trying to support their cultural power. Hall ( 1995 ) argues that the different signifiers of civilization in a society have their ain ways of sorting the universe. All of the ways in which a civilization is communicated contain facets of that universe position and events can be given different significances, therefore he maintains: In order for one significance to be on a regular basis produced, it had to win a sort of†¦taken –for-grantedness for itself. That involved marginalizing, downgrading or delegitimating alternate buildings. Indeed there were certain sorts of account which, given the power of credibleness acquired by the preferable scope of significances, were literally unthinkable or unsayable( Hall, 1995:355 ) . State States, Nationalism and British Identity Anderson ( 1983 ) says that a state is an imagined political community, imagined as both inherently limited and at the same clip crowned head. It is imagined because although its members may experience that they belong to the same community yet they may neer run into. The state is limited because some are seen as belonging to it while others are excluded, and it is autonomous because it seeks to observe self-determination for a peculiar group of people. Nationalism is an bridal of the cultural heritage and patterns of a peculiar state province. Smith ( 1986 ) maintains that state provinces are characterised by mass instruction, by economic integrating and legal rights and responsibilities for all members of that province. Hall ( 1992 ) argues that the state province and patriotism are creative activities of capitalist economy. In recent times nevertheless, capitalist economy has generated forces which have served to sabotage the sovereignity of the state province and of patriotism. He regards efforts to advance patriotism in the modern universe as unsafe because most state provinces are culturally, ethnically and sacredly assorted and when groups attempt to advance peculiar involvements within a state province force and struggle can ensue. Hall maintains that these forces result in people holding a baffled sense of national individuality the ethnically diverse nature of Britain for case agencies that many people have a figure of different individualities because they see themselves as members of different groups. Cohen ( 1994 ) demonstrates the force of Hall’s statement when he argues that presents there is no clear cut thought of what it means to be British. British individuality is blurred in a figure of ways. Cohen investigates the complex and altering nature of British individuality as it has been affected by a figure of factors. Societies across the Earth have been influenced by colonialism and deconolisation, by migration, travel and by political alteration. Colley ( 1996 ) maintains that ‘Britishness’ is an innovation of elitist provinces to antagonize the dissentious consequences of capitalist economy and industrialization and that the thought of British nationalism was invented in the 18th century. However, Langlands ( 1999 ) inquiries Colley’s position of Britishness as merely an innovation, she maintains that Britishness is more complex than Colley would hold us believe. Smith ( 1986a ) maintains that states are ethno-symbolic communities made up of share d history and district and shared myths of beginnings. Smith’s work implies that ‘Britishness’ therefore operates on both a cultural and political degree. While many modern provinces are poly-ethnic, but based around a dominant cultural nucleus that produced its name and cultural charter. Smith ( 1991 ) says that it isreally frequently on the footing of such a nucleus that states coalesce to organize states( Smith, 1991:39 ) . Therefore, historically, modern state provinces are the consequence of a province elect edifice on these nucleus foundations. Smith claims that in Britain, by the 15th century, there was a reasonably homogeneous cultural, blue sense of Britishness. The British state province, hence, is basically English with elements taken from Wales and Scotland. On the footing of this, Langlands ( 1999 ) maintains that provinces with a stable dominant cultural nucleus are less likely to be susceptible to the effects of cultural struggle originating from j obs between the province and multiple ethnicities. Langlands maintains that: As it is true of all national individualities, the significances and salience attached to Englishness are unstable and have varied well ; it has at some times drawn upon Celtic beginnings ; and at other times it has been conflated with Britishness ( the myth of our island race for case )( Langlands, 1999:60 ) . Cultural Policy and National Identity British Cultural policy remained based on the elitist positions of the 19th century until good into the 20th century and re-emerged after the Second World War as portion of the public assistance province. In 1947 the Arts Council was established in an effort to convey art to as many people as possible. Ballet, Opera and the theater were given much promotion as theoretical accounts of British cultural life. As the National Heritage site maintains, cultural heritage is of great importance. It is besides important to the building of individualities and to societal behavior ( Turnpenny, 2004 ) . The policies which promoted what has been termed ‘high’ civilization remained stable until the late 19 1960ss and 1970ss. During the 1950s leftist policies were pursued which resulted in cultural stableness. By the 1970s the state of affairs was less stable and the far left began to deride it as all cultural values were regarded as reflecting the involvements of white in-between cate gory males. It was necessary to make away with value opinions so that civilization would accommodate the demands of everyone. In the 19 1880ss ‘high’ civilization was once more undermined by the market rules of Margaret Thatcher’s Government. Art had to warrant its continued being on the footing of its marketability. In 1986 the cultural policy advisers to the Greater London Council wrote: In an age when we know longer expect to happen a individual all- embracing truth, the best schemes for endurance frequently involve making option, sole kingdom, which reject dominant manners( Mulgan and Worpole, 1986:32 ) When New Labour came to power in the 1990s it took over elements of the left and the right in an effort to advance a more diverse and inclusive position of civilization and cultural heritage. Pearce ( 2000 ) contends that: Cultural heritage is something that can be inherited, which enables the heirs to come in into their rightful provinces and be their true egos( Pearce, 2000:59 ) . This heritage is expressed in a figure of different ways some of which are stuff and some symbolic. Thus a cultural heritage consists of artifacts, patterns, objects and cultural infinites which persons recognise as portion of their cultural heritage. Among the symbolic facets are unwritten tradition, the acting humanistic disciplines, and societal patterns. Therefore cultural heritage can associate to all facets of life ( Turnpenny, 2004 ) . Current cultural policy dressed ores on the material facets of heritage such as edifices or memorials. This means that heritage is really tightly defined within an academic context and denies wider cultural reading ( Turnpenny, ibid ) . So although current cultural policy provinces an purpose of inclusivity its actions with respect to cultural heritage and this can take to people going alienated from their cultural heritage. Pearce ( 2000 ) argues that these physical facets of heritage are associated with certain values and emotions, without thi s association the material civilization would lose its value. Cultural sites, topographic points and artifacts can, hence be considered to be physical representations of perceptual experiences of ego, community, and belonging, and their associated cultural values( Smith and Vandermeer, 2001:51 ) Social patterns have been omitted from Government statute law on cultural heritage yet these are frequently related to peculiar societal groups and are an look of traditional societal values. These patterns are a beginning of group individuality and have historical, traditional, and cultural significance and should hence be considered as portion of our cultural heritage ( Jones, 1996 ) . Turnpenny ( 2004 ) argues that the current manner in which the province legislates with respect to cultural heritage is oppressive as it does non take into history community values and the communities’ perceptual experiences of their cultural heritage and it therefore contributes to societal exclusion. Current cultural policy, in its disregard of the intangible, offprints fact from value. In making so it imposes a signifier of national individuality that does non truly reflect the individuality of community groups in Britain. Turnpenny maintains that cultural policy, in its disregard of the wi der cultural heritage that is espoused by communities, consequences in communities non being able to associate to Government definitions of cultural heritage ( which is why less people visit museums now ) and this leads to tie in jobs of disempowerment and exclusion. Decision This paper has looked at cultural policy and its relationship to national individuality. It is arguably the instance that current Government cultural policy has reverberations of 19th century elitism in another signifier. Buildings and artifacts are regarded as portion of British cultural heritage and are hence to be espoused. The broad cultural heritage of communities, e.g. the pattern of good dressing, balefire dark, Dwali etc are neglected because they are regarded as the civilization of the multitudes. National individuality hence, is reserved for an elect subdivision of society, merely as it was during the 19th century, and this consequences in many communities experiencing alienated from official definitions of cultural heritage and what it means to be British. 2800 wordsBibliography Abercrombie, N and Urry J. 1983Capital Labour and the Middle ClassesAllen and Unwin, London Anderson, B 1983Imagined CommunitiesVerso, London Arnold, M 1960 ( foremost published 1869 )Culture and AnarchyCambridge University Press, Cambridge Colley, L. 1986Britishers, Forging the Nation 1707-1837London, Vintage Frosh, S. 1999 â€Å"Identity† in Bullock, A. and Trombley, S ( explosive detection systems ) 1999The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern ThoughtHarper Collins, London Jones, S. 1996 ‘Discourses of Identity in the Interpretation of the Past’ , InCultural Identity and Archaeology. The Construction of European Communities, edited by P Graves-Brown, S. Jones and C. Gamble. London: Routledge ( 1996 ) 62–8 Hall, S. 1992 â€Å"The Question of Cultural Identity† in Hall et Al ( explosive detection systems ) 1992Modernity and its FuturesCambridge, Polity Press Hall, s. 1995 â€Å"The rediscovery of political orientation: Tax return of the repressed in media surveies in Boyd-Barrett and Newbold explosive detection systems 1995 Haralambos and Holborn 2000Sociology Themes and Positions5Thursdayerectile dysfunction. Harper Collins, London Lowenthal, D 1994 Identity, Heritage A ; History in Gillis, J erectile dysfunction. . Hobsbawm, E 1992 Introduction: Inventing Traditions in E, Hobsbawm A ; T.Ranger The Invention of Tradition . Pearce, S. M. 2000 ‘The Making of Cultural Heritage’ , InValuess and Heritage Conservation, edited by E. Avrami, R. Mason and M. de la Torre. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute ( 2000 ) 59–64. Smith, A 1986aThe Ethnic Origins of NationsOxford, Basil Blackwell Smith, A. 1991National IdentityHarmondsworth, Penguin Stinati D. 1995An Introduction to Theories of Popular CultureRoutledge, London Turnpenny, M 2004 â€Å"Cultural Heritage, an ailment defined construct? A call for joined-up policy†International Journal of Heritage Studies10 ( 3 ) July 2004 pp. 295-307

Cask of Amontillado essays

Cask of Amontillado essays Edgar Allan Poes, The Cask of Amontillado is an excellent display of how you can take a very sane person, given the right circumstances, and make a malicious person out of him or her. Revenge is a feeling that has the ability to over come a persons grip on reality. The narrator Montressor feels that he was insulted greatly by our not so fortunate Fortunado. Montressor vows to have vengeance on Fortunados for his heinous crime. The old saying an eye for and eye, does not really apply to this Montressor. His view on this matter would be something more like an eye for and eye and while Im at it I might as well take and ear, an arm, one or two fingers which I will break first and then sever at each knuckle. This just shows you what type of demented state of mind revenge can put a person in. This story begins with Montressor explaining that Fortunado has insulted him and that he is going to pay dearly for his unjust act. He thinks of a plan to utilize Fortunados weakness, his connoisseurship. When he comes across Fortunado he tells that he thinks he might have been taken on a recent purchase of what he thought was Amontillado (a very high quality wine), knowing that Fortunado will not be able to resist a taste. It is ridiculously clever of Montressor how he plays Fortunado like a puppet, all the while just toying with him and acting if he has no interest in his services. He even actually pretends to be concerned with Fortunados illness, he states: My friend, no. It is not the engagement, but the severe cold with which I perceive you are afflicted. These vaults are insufferable damp. They are encrusted with nitre (Poe 157). Finally after long debate, still in fear of Fortunados well being, he agrees to take him to his vaults and share this priceless wine with him. Upon their arrival to the vaults Monty offers Fortunado an ...

Leech and Leach

Leech and Leach Leech and Leach Leech and Leach By Maeve Maddox Reader Erik Engstrom was surprised to see this misuse of the word leech in an article at Wired: . . . certain chemicals that leech metals from the body. Pronounced the same [lÄ“ch], leech and leach have different meanings. The word leech is the old word for â€Å"doctor.† It comes from OE laece, â€Å"physician.† Leech meaning â€Å"bloodsucking aquatic worm† may have originally been a different word, but assimilated to the word for doctor, possibly because doctors used leeches for blood-letting. Figuratively, a leech is a person in a parasitic relationship with another. The word leach comes from the OE verb leccan, â€Å"to moisten.† In current usage the verb leach refers to percolation of a liquid. The Wired writer was using the word in the sense of â€Å"to take away by percolation.† Related to leach is the word leak, â€Å"to let water in or out.† It may seem that the figurative sense of leak to mean allowing secret matters come to public attention must be a 20th century innovation, but it’s not. The intransitive use of leak with this figurative meaning dates from 1832. The transitive use, â€Å"to leak information,† is recorded from 1859. The figurative use of the noun leak to mean the information leaked didn’t come along until 1950: The Post published the latest leak from the White House. We can thank Henry Miller for the first published use of leak as a noun meaning â€Å"the act of urination† (Tropic of Cancer [1934]). Leak as a verb meaning â€Å"to piss,† however, dates from 1596. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:10 Types of Transitions20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

Market Research For (Verismo Machine) by Starbucks Essay

Market Research For (Verismo Machine) by Starbucks - Essay Example The company introduced Verismo with the intention of becoming a market leader even in single serve coffee making segment (Barth, 2012). Verismo machine is a single serve coffee maker which makes coffee and espresso. As a pod is dropped into the machine, it comes out as coffee or espresso, which contains the signature taste and aroma of Starbucks coffee (Starbucks Corporation, 2012). The machine is available in different model which ranges from  £149 to  £349. The model ranges from basic to high-end ones. The pods of powdered milk and coffee are also sold by Starbucks, which is used by the customers to produce excellent coffee at lesser cost then the store (Money Watch 2012). The biggest competitor of Verismo in the single serve coffee maker segment is Nespresso, which was launched by Nescafe, Nestle. Verismo’s first advantage is that bears the name of Starbucks, which is a market leader in coffee making. Starbucks is claiming that Verismo offers the same taste and aroma as coffee is served in its stores. Customers pay higher price for a cup of coffee in Starbucks because of their quality, and if they are getting it through a machine which is a onetime investment, customers would surely opt for it. Secondly, the product indeed has been highly appreciated by users because it do offer the quality which it promises and the cost per cup of coffee is also found to be less that having it at a Starbucks store (Clay, 2012). Verismo Machine by Starbucks was a huge hit in the market and the company sold over 150,000 machines in the first quarter of its launch. Howard Schultz in Starbucks’ first quarter’s conference said that they were planning to take Verismo to a multi-billion platform, which depicts that Verismo started really well in its initial year (Warman, 2013). Verismo is counted as a threat in the single serve coffee segment by the market leaders like Nespresso, or Green Mountain.

Critical Analysis of Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt by Jean Kilbourne Article

Critical Analysis of Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt by Jean Kilbourne - Article Example Portraying women as seductive and helpless reaffirms the notion that men are superior to women in an already male-dominated culture. This does not help the cause of women fighting for equal rights, opportunities, wages and representation in the real world. Jean Kilbourne’s main hypothesis is that using women as objects of sex appeal in advertisements to promote consumer products objectifies them, shows them as commodities that are easily available, makes their position vulnerable and exposes them to aggression. She has used several examples of advertisements that expose women to near pornographic depiction and shows women as having little resistance towards male attraction. She claims that using woman’s body as an object to enhance sales of commodities like perfumes, some companies use women in erotic, fantasy settings which in reality have no bearing with the product they are endorsing. However, the advertisements leave images of nude women in the minds of customers who start to associate perfumes with these models and in a bid to be like them, buy more perfume. So what is meant to be a delicate olfactory experience is converted into a visual stimulant quite disassociated from the product. For an advertisement meant to promote a tender and light perfume, the use of nude women is quite unnecessary. According to Kilbourne, images of this kind use women’s bodies as objects of desire rather than the product. It is not surprising then, that women are used as symbols of sex which leads to crimes and harassment against women. These pictures are suggestive and when put up for public display may be taken literally, demeaning the image of women and create confusion in people’s minds about women’s right to say no to unwanted attention.  Ã‚  

Interactions with your Preceptor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interactions with your Preceptor - Assignment Example Both need reinforcement, support, reassurance, and encouragement. The preceptor/student relationship shapes the student nurse midwife is role transition and development, which affects the students self-confidence and performance in the clinical setting. My preceptor is a nurse educator who assists me in my practicum project in a nursing home. Although there have been some challenges in my practicum projects, I usually have a positive working relationship with my preceptor, who teaches and guides me through practical projects in evidence-based practice for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia using ventilator bundle in long term Care (Gables, Reis, Impett &Asher, 2004). Since the time that I started my practicum, my preceptor has been helpful, understanding and patient. Despite the age differences, my communication with my preceptor is always open. She is usually open to assist me in any problem involving my projects and other aspects of nursing. She responds to questions positively. She has been offering me wise counsel on how to face challenges while in line of duty. The cooperation with my preceptor has enabled me to gain confidence and competence in handling pneumonia cases in long-term care, has enhanced my socialization capacity especially with patients and other nursing practitioners, has opened up employment opportunities, and has given me an opportunity to begin a transition from a student life to a general nurse professional life. In addition, she guides and teaches me different practices in the ventilator unit (Myrick, Sawa, Phelan, Rogers, Barlow &Hurlock, 2006). My nursing practicum experience is developed through partnership. My partners are my preceptor and the liaison instructor. Each partner has a special role in ensuring the goals of the practicum are met. In the partnership triad, the liaison instructor organizes for the practicum and the preceptor, provide communication link

Personal statement for hematology oncology fellowship

For hematology oncology fellowship - Personal Statement Example It was relatively new and constantly changing field. I have often been asked by colleagues why I want to be an oncologist and I tell them that the decision to become an oncologist was influenced by my own personal experiences and interactions with oncologists when my mother was treated for cancer. I was with my mother during the entire treatment and I had close communications with the oncologists treating her. Based on those experiences I was able to have a sense of what I would want done for a clos relative. I understood how I would have preferred to be informed and treated. Furthermore, working as a clinical observer in a private hematology/oncology clinic helped me to have a closer look at the specialty. Having the privilege to be in an academic setting allowed me to have direct input from hematology/oncology consults. Working with a few brilliant physicians in this field during my residency has been truly enlightening and rewarding. It has played a big role in making up my mind i n this direction. I believe oncology is one of the few specialties in internal medicine where physicians actually possess the ability to actually cure patients. Although it is not possible to prolong every patient’s life, the very knowledge that I hopefully helped to maintain an optimal quality of life is a very satisfying thing.

India Reflection on one of female characters in Witness the Night Essay

India Reflection on one of female characters in Witness the Night - Essay Example Simran understands the culture, the history, and the people of Jullundur, and she equally knows that this culture is a part of her. Simran’s personal scars do not deter her from attempting to correct the injustices Durga Atwal faces in the hands of the police officers. Simran understands her imperfections, and she admits this when she says, â€Å"we all have our little flaws. Mine has always been to stride in where others feel it shrewder not to.† India has one of the world’s worst gender ratio with increased preference for male children over the girls. Religious, economic and cultural reasons are the basis for male preference. The boy child is considered as a king while the girl is nothing (Walia 1). Simran’s gender forces her to be quite rebellious in order to survive in this society. The Indian society expects Simran to be loyal and obedient to men; she is supposed to have married by this time, and because of her character, she is considered an outcast. Simran knew she would face these challenges following her decision; she knew the society would look down on her. Because of this, Simran avoids the society she is supposed to associate with; she looks down on people who look down on her. Simran becomes extremely blunt to the society’s thought on her and decides to live her life the best way she knows. Simran’s war of life enlightens several awful issues that happen to women and girls in the India n society. There is a relation between Simran’s choices and decisions to several recent happenings in India. It is apparent that the increase in wealth and literacy levels in India has contributed to the experienced crisis of missing girls. Increased selective abortions in India are high among educated and affluent families (Yardley 1). The research further reveals that better educated, high-income women families were likely than poorer females to abort a girl, particularly during a second pregnancy

Business Analysis Plan (BAP) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Analysis Plan (BAP) - Assignment Example It would also include the analysis of the financial information of the company, i.e. the financial facts and figures and financial ratios that indicate the performance of the company. COMPANY OVERVIEW SingTel is one of the leading communications group in Asia. The company provides a number of services including; mobile, internet, data, info-communications technology, pay TV and satellite TV. With regard to market capitalization, SingTel is the largest listed company on the Singapore Exchange. The company has developed and implemented upon its strategy of investing outside its home market, thus the company wholly acquired the Australian telecommunications company Optus. The company also owns a significant shareholding in Bharti Airtel, the largest telecommunications company in India. The company conducts its operations in a number of other countries and it is also listed on Australian Securities Exchange after the acquisition of Optus, the second largest provider of communications ser vices in Australia. Apart from that, the company is also a long-term strategic investor in regional mobile operators in Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, India, the Philippines and Bangladesh. In order to facilitate the needs of multinational corporations, the company also has a network of offices in 19 countries and territories in Europe, the USA and Asia Pacific. The company has shown significant growth in the recent past and over a span of one year the number of its customer base has increased by 19 percent. The customer base of the company as at 30 June 2011 is 416 million. This growth in the customer base has brought the company in line with the largest mobile network operators in the world (SingTel). The company also has an advantage over its competitors due to its popularity and the company keeps its position by introducing new products in the market (Koh 2008). From investment perspective, the company defines itself as a long term investor. The company invests in regional compa nies and extends its expertise due to its large network, customer base and the experience in the industry. The company is actively involved in the operational decisions of the companies it has invested in. In all the investments the company has made, it holds potential shareholder rights and governance authorities. Through SingTel, regional companies acquire access to the experiences and insights of other companies which are affiliated with SingTel and thus the company also acts as a platform where regional companies benefit from each other’s expertise. The company intends to continue its growth through new investments therefore the company expresses that it continues reviews investment opportunities in Asia and other equally profitable markets. The mission statement of the company is ‘Breaking Barriers, Building Bonds’. The company specifies in its mission statement that it enables communication by breaking all the barriers and it brings together people by build ing new bonds. The company helps businesses and people communicate anytime and in various ways. The company’s mission statement also specifies that the company intends to make communication faster, easier, reliable and more economical. The company also intends to deliver value to its shareholders, affiliates and its customers (SingTel). Thus, it can be said

India Reflection on one of female characters in Witness the Night Essay

India Reflection on one of female characters in Witness the Night - Essay Example Simran understands the culture, the history, and the people of Jullundur, and she equally knows that this culture is a part of her. Simran’s personal scars do not deter her from attempting to correct the injustices Durga Atwal faces in the hands of the police officers. Simran understands her imperfections, and she admits this when she says, â€Å"we all have our little flaws. Mine has always been to stride in where others feel it shrewder not to.† India has one of the world’s worst gender ratio with increased preference for male children over the girls. Religious, economic and cultural reasons are the basis for male preference. The boy child is considered as a king while the girl is nothing (Walia 1). Simran’s gender forces her to be quite rebellious in order to survive in this society. The Indian society expects Simran to be loyal and obedient to men; she is supposed to have married by this time, and because of her character, she is considered an outcast. Simran knew she would face these challenges following her decision; she knew the society would look down on her. Because of this, Simran avoids the society she is supposed to associate with; she looks down on people who look down on her. Simran becomes extremely blunt to the society’s thought on her and decides to live her life the best way she knows. Simran’s war of life enlightens several awful issues that happen to women and girls in the India n society. There is a relation between Simran’s choices and decisions to several recent happenings in India. It is apparent that the increase in wealth and literacy levels in India has contributed to the experienced crisis of missing girls. Increased selective abortions in India are high among educated and affluent families (Yardley 1). The research further reveals that better educated, high-income women families were likely than poorer females to abort a girl, particularly during a second pregnancy

The Backscatter X-Ray Essay Example for Free

The Backscatter X-Ray Essay The backscatter X-ray is the right choice when compared to traditional X-rays or metal detectors. On December 27, 2006, the author, Thomas Frank,whom is the aviation security correspondant for USA Today, wrote, X-ray Tests Both Security, Privacy, and made valid points concerning the fear of radiation, how easily it finds metal guns and knives, and the provacy issue that surrounds X-ray technology (5). Throughout this essay Thomas Frank was able to write about the facts surrounding X-rays and keep hs opinion out of the article therefore giving his readers the chance to form their own belief. This essay was written to analyze which belief to choose. Should the public be against the backscatter X-ray because of radiation exposure or is safety against terrorists the better option? The fear of over-exposure to radiation is laughable at best. Its like being out in the sun for 15 to 20 minutes (5). Being out in the sun can in reality be a good thing. Through sunlight the body absorbs vitamin D which is needed for strong bones and teeth. Everyone gets sun exposure on an everyday basis. Its not a bad thing to have a little sun. Take people whom use artificial light to tan. A waiver must be signed before exposing the body to the light. This waiver states that skin cancer may occur with use; eye damage is possible with exposure. Tanners sign this form without another thought because artificial light is the same as being out in the sun. A waiver is not availabe for people to sign at the airport. Why is this? Is it because radiation damage is higher with artificial light thereby being higher with sunlight versus the backscatter X-ray? If so, should the public stay inside their house and avoid sunlight at all cost? They are foolproof when it comes to finding metal guns and metal knives (6). Clark Kent Ervin whom is the former Homeland Security Department inspector said during the interview. He stated, screeners repeatedly missed hidden weapons (6). If screeners are missing hidden weapons wouldnt the obvious choice be to use the backscatter X-ray? Isnt the publics safety more important? Our airport security has already been compromised once with September 11 . If there is anything that can prevent that from happening again then it should be done. Our safety is top priority. Backscatter X-rays dont show anything on the body deemed indecent. It only shows whats carried on the body. People really need to understand that the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is putting in place technologythat does in fact do a digital strip search and stores those images at least temporarily, said Marc Rotenberg of the Electronic Privacy Information Center (5). Temporarily is the key. Whom cares about a picture being taken as long as its temporary? Its not as if the image is going to be stored forever and displayed worldwide. The TSA, however, says the images are cartoonlike sketches that show only outlines of each passenger and are never stored (5). The images arent stored so the public doesnt need to worry about the images being released. Cartoonlike sketches means that its not even a real human body. It doesnt look like a person at all. Its just an outline that looks cartoonlike at that. Theres nothing wrong with cartoons. I grew up watching them as a child as did many others. $100,000 backscatter machine finds many weapons missed by screeners and metal detectors (6). Finding weapons as soon as possible can be the difference between life and death. A machine that finds weapons more often than not should be used in place of a machine that is likely to miss. Although the backscatter X-ray is not going to catch everything that it scans it will make it harder for terrorists to sneak weapons on a plane. The object is not to prevent everything that can conceivably happen, he said, the object is to make it difficult (6). The fact claim the author is making is supported by the examples given in the article. Some examples include quotes from Marc Rotenberg and Frank Cerra. The warrant that connects the fact claim and support are digital strip search (5) and being out in thesun for 15 to 20 minutes (5). It seems these details were said to persuade the interviewer and readers of this article. Someone would need 2,500 backscatter scans a year before reaching the limits of safe radiation exposure (5). These guidelines are provided by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements so therefore even frequent flyers will be protected from over-exposure to radiation. In closing, the authors fact claim of backscatter X-ry versus regular X-ray and metal detectors have been clearly stated. He went into detail giving both sides concerning radiation, worth, and privacy. Overall the essay was an effective argument that gave information from both sides equally. With public safety a concern the conflicts that arise concerning this matter should be of no importance. The public has a right to be protected no matter what it takes.

Political Recruitment Procedure in Nigeria

Political Recruitment Procedure in Nigeria THE RELEVANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION TO POLITICAL RECRUITMENT IN NIGERIA BY Franklins A. SANUBI, PhD Department of Political Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurship Education, Political Recruitment, Entrepreneurship, Intrapreneuring. ABSTRACT: The continuing influx of non professionals into party politics in Nigeria has created the challenges of good governance and many hove asked the question of how to rid the political space of neophytes. One explanation for this phenomenon is provided in the prevailing political recruitment procedure in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship education has provided some philosophical tool for establishing a reliable political recruitment process. This paper examines the relationship and provides some recommendations on the process of ensuring good recruitments into our party politics spectrum. A. INTRODUCTION Perhaps the only vocation in Nigeria today where the free entry and free exit principle of a perfect market system is operational is the vocation of party politics as people from all known professional backgrounds have found it a treasure ground of resort. It is in fact needless to ask an average politician where he or she got training in party politics. Regrettably, political recruitment process in Nigeria is very simple and without any major technical requirements, people can enroll at any point in time into party politics. The only requirement, if anything else, is your availability the amount of readiness demonstrated by the aspiring individual to attend party meetings and caucuses. Just write down your name and attend one or two political party meetings and you are on your way to becoming a big time politician in Nigeria. This is the point where we come to explain the prevalence of political neophytes at the various levels of public policy making in Nigeria as all manner of people both with questionable and unquestionable backgrounds in the management of public resources find themselves in the realm of leadership simply because of a faulty recruitment process into the vocation of party politics in Nigeria. Thus, you find medical doctors, teachers, motor drivers, auto mechanics, pastors or other religious leaders, retail shop owners and jobless individuals all involved in party politics as practitioners of a profession that relies much on number of people as its major asset. â€Å"Leave politics for the politicians† is often the advice given by those who do not find any need to become one. Yet there is hardly a clear definition of who is or (should be) a politician in Nigeria since it has become an all-corners affair. With such a seemingly irreversible phenomenon of political recruitment, the chal1eng to policymakers therefore is to create entrepreneurship educational portfolios where recruits into party politics in Nigeria would develop skills of the, vocation to take opportunities offered by the prevailing political (business) environments. B. ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: A CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION Experts in the subject matter of history of education have credited ancient Greek civilization with its emphasis placed not only on citizenship but also on entrepreneurship education. With massive curricular contents favouring the child’s ability to use available materials through practical skills to create innovative learning outcomes, an average Athenian schoolboy knows that he has to imbibe a strong culture of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship education seeks to provide students with the knowledge, skills and motivation to encourage entrepreneurial success in a variety of settings. (Block Stumpf, 1992) The classic picture of entrepreneurship education (also known as intrapreneurship education) as given by its major proponent Gifford Pinchot, is its distinctive focus on the â€Å"realization of opportunity† under any given setting (Pinchot, 1985). The ability of the individual to see the opportunity and utilize it for a successful outcome marks the significance of entrepreneurship education (Pinchot Pellman, 1985). Although closely related to management education which focuses on the best way to operate within existing hierarchy and structures, entrepreneurship education like the former targets â€Å"profit making†. Profit making, in this circumstance does not necessarily imply increased monetary benefits, but may also be (especially in non-profit organizations or governments) in terms of en hanced social services or decreased costs. It could also be explained in terms of increased responsiveness to the customer/citizen/client on such services being provided. Realizing business opportunity can be achieved, by orienting entrepreneurship education towards several directions including; Entrepreneurship (the ownership) of a new business, such as opening a new shop or small scale industry; interpreneurship (which involves the promotion of innovation or the introduction of new products or services or markets within existing environments or organization without having to start a separate (new) business unit (Pinchot, 2000). This may be made possible through research and innovative initiative among entrepreneurs. Consider for example, a food vendor who sells within a given business environment and suddenly discovers that the target clientele is expanding due to some expansionary activities of the neighboring companies resulting in their employment of new staffers. Intrapreneurship requires that the food vendor can no longer operate within his existing budget if he is to maximize profits. He does not need to be educated on the desirability of budg etary expansion to enable him create an absolute capacity for his new client’s demand. A third orientation relates to what experts call social entrepreneur which involves creating charitable organizations (or portions of existing charities) designed to be self-supporting in addition to doing their good works. Intrapreneurship may lead to a phenomenon described as clustering. Clustering occurs when a group of employers breaks from a parent company to form a new company but continues to do business with the parent organization as in the popular Silicon Valley clusters. This phenomenon is common among lawyers who while working under existing legal chambers do break out often to undertake some business ventures without having to quit their existing chambers entirely. Pinchot believes that entrepreneurship releases the energy’ in the direction of deep personal values while also it is a tool for releasing the creativity, values and entrepreneurial spirit of people who work in large corporations. â€Å"When you free people from fear and bureaucratic restraint, they are likely to choose innovation projects that serve their deeper values (Pinchot 1985) Intrapreneurs have a great zeal to be innovative and a drive to ownership. The entrepreneurial sence of independence is so high among intrapreneurs that Pinchot in his ten commandments of Intrapreneuring describes their attitude in work organizations as people who â€Å"come to work daily willing to be fired†. For a productive and profit-oriented business success, intrapreneurship education is very useful. What relevance therefore, can there be, of entrepreneurship education to political recruitment in the Nigerian policy and how may we define the line of congruence between these variables. C. ASSESSING THE RELEVANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION TO POLITICAL RECRUITMENT IN NIGERIA Porter (1994) has established a relationship between entrepreneurship education and business education. We can extend this discourse by establishing some relationship between entrepreneurship education and political recruitment in Nigeria. Political recruitment is a process by which citizens are selected for involvement in politics. Party system is the most important mechanism of political recruitment, The process of political recruitment involves two levels namely: recruitment of power elite, that is, party and government cadres and the recruitment of grassroots membership who provide political support for party programmes and policies. The recruitment of grassroots may involve a historical process whereby certain cadres of the society are targeted for recruitment e.g. peasant workers and revolutionary youths, and this is then followed by the recruitment of workers, students and rebellion youths and then the recruitment of professional and educated youths. The recruitment provides a stage of political screening such as the examination of class origin, political attitude, political participation or clientelism. Clientelism in the view of Protsyk Matichescu (2009) involves contingent direct exchanges between political actors and both vote-rich and resource-rich constituencies. At the initial point, the role of educational credentials in political recruitment may be irrelevant, but with time, become positive or negative and finally very important. The relevance of entrepreneurship education to political recruitment in Nigeria can be established in several ways. Firstly, entrepreneurship education provides the individual with the strong initiative to succeed in his political career. There is a strong imperative to see party politics as not merely a game being played by two or more persons, but more importantly as a field where excellence in service is required. The individual will take ownership of his actions with a strong sense of judgment that being a politician can be onerous and requires a lot of responsibility and expectations from the society in terms of excellent service to the people. Entrepreneurship education can help promote the spirit of innovativeness among people who chose to enlist in party politics. The individual utilizes every new opportunity in his political environment to create new political images of success. For instance, a politician who observes that there is a growing school enrolment among children in his community and or neighbouring communities would devise new creative political slogans or even manifestoes that will appeal to the immediate passions of his proposed electorate. It is needless for an aspiring politician targeting upland dwellers to propose programmes designed or suitable for riverine areas such as riverine transport system. Entrepreneurship education would facilitate political education especially in rural or unenlightened communities as individual aspirant would localize training techniques or apply local technologies to provide the relevant learning materials to his subjects. This will also help in reducing costs to the ultimate advantage of the subsisting party to which the individual belongs. Entrepreneurship education should be a suitable tool for sensitizing the right type of party membership at all cadres or recruitment. Subjects should therefore choose to belong to a political party with a genuine sense of awareness about his expectations not merely joining a band wagon. Subjects should have their energy released towards a vocation where their deep personnel values reside. The present phenomenon where party politics is seen as a residue to retire to where all other endeavours have failed or a place where quick wealth and fame can be realized can no longer prevail. D. Conclusion and Recommendations An entrepreneur is an owner of a business. Entrepreneurs are driven by the myths of greed, high risk taking, intuitive thinking and even sometimes dishonesty ( Pinchot, 2000) The business may be tangible for it to be observed by others. However, the sense of entrepreneurship may be presently dialectical and reside within the individual who only waits for any physical opportunity to realize his ownership dream. Entrepreneurship education should be a relevant tool to facilitate the ownership drives among people in various vocations including party politics. In particular reference to political recruitment entrepreneurship education should help stimulate the right type of practitioners and hence secure the right quality of leaders needed especially for a developing polity like Nigeria. Existing educational programmes should be philosophically tailored to meet the needs of subjects who are the future entrepreneurs in Nigeria. This would lead to the redirection of subjects’ perception of schooling as not merely a means of securing paid jobs. In a society with dwindling employment options, entrepreneurship education should be a suitable tool for fostering the self-employment initiatives among the school leaving class and those enlisting in other entrepreneurial vocations. The strong Connections between entrepreneurship education and good governance in Nigeria can therefore no longer be imaginary under this discourse but realistic. REFERENCES Block, Z. Stumpf, S. A. (1992) Entrepreneurship education research: Experience and challenge. In D. L. Sexton and J. D. Kasarda, (Eds.) The state of the art of entrepreneurship, Boston, MA: PWS-Kent Publishing, pp. 17-45. Protsyk, O. Matichescu, M.L. (2009) Clientelism and political recruitment in democratic transition. Evidence from Romania, retrieved from the net onO4/ 22/2011 @http://www.policy.hu/protsyk /Publications/Articles/CPRomClient 11 .pdf. Pinchot, III G. (1985). Intrapreneuring; Why you do not have to leave the organization. New York, NY:,-. Harper Row. Pinchot, G. Pellman, R. (2000) Intrapreneurship in action: A handbook for business innovation, San-Francisco, California : Berrett-Kohler. Porter, L. W. (1994). The relation of entrepreneurship education to business education. Simulation gaming 25(3): 416-419.